lhjft'''
lhjft' s] xf]?
lj?jfsf] ;jf{ËL0f ljsf;sf] nflu rflxg] nfebfos lhjf0f'x?sf] Kofs]h “lhjft'''” xf] . of] af]tn leq /x]sf] ´f]ndf o:t} :yflgo nfebfos lhjf0f'x? 5g\ . o:sf] k|of]un] t/sf/L, cGg, kmnkm[\n, d;nf, lrof, skmL, cn}rL, km"n / hl8a'6Lsf la?jf cflbdf nfUg] w]/} /f]u / ls/f lgsf] x'g'sf ;fy} lj?jfnfO{ rflxg] ;a} kf]if0f ;d]t k'-ofpg ;lsG5 .
lhjft'sf] lsg k|of]u ug]{ ?
· /f;folgs dn / ljiffbLsf] vr{ jGb ul/ v]lt vr{ 36fpge
· s[lif hGo k}bfj/sf] pTkfbsTj a9fpg
· /f;folgs ljiffbLsf] cjif]; ePsf] s[lifhGo k}bfj/n] :jf:ydf ePsf] v/fa c;/ aGb ug{
· t/sf/L kmnkm'n l6kL ;s]kl5 klg a9L ;do ;Dd tfhf cj:yfdf /fVg
· /f;folgs ljiffbLsf] v/fa c;/af6 jftfj/0f arfpg
· /f;folgs ljiffbLsf] cjif]; gePsf] pRr u'0f:t/sf] s[lif hGo k}bfj/ / hl8a'6L pTkfbg ug]{
· cfTd lge{/ eO{ lbuf] s[lif k|0fnLsf] Joj:yfkg ug{
· s[lif hGo kbfj/sf] lgof{t j9fO{ cfly{s pGgltug]{
· /;folgs ljiffbLjf6 t/sf/L v]ltdf nfUg] /f]uls/f lgoGq0f ubf{ k|lt x]S6/ k|lt l;hg sl/a ? #),))) nfUg] x'gfn] Ps aif{df ltg afnL nufpbf k|lt x]S6/ (),))) -k|lt /f]klg $,%))_ nfU5 eg] lhjft'n] ag]sf] emf]ndnaf6 /f]uls/f lgoGq0f ubf{ k|lt x]S6/ k|lt jif{ sl/a ? !*,))) -k|lt /f]klg ())_ dfq nfU5
lhjft'sf] k|of]u s;/L ug]{ ?
v]ltdf /f]u ls/fsf] ;d:of cfpg' eGbf klxn] %) ld=nL lhjft' Ps ln6/ kfgLdf 3f]n]/ lj?jfsf] h/f b]lv 6'Kkf ;Dd /fd|/L leHg] ul/ 5g{] . o;nfO{ xKtfsf] b'O{ k6s k|of]u ug'[{ kb{5 .
ljleGg /f]u ls/fdf /f;folgs ljifflb ;xg ;Sg] Ifdtf j9]sf] / clxn] abln+bf] jftfj/0fsf sf/0fn] ubf{ lhjft' k|of]u ubf{ klg s'g} /f]u ls/fn] cfqmd0f u/]df lhjft'sf] dfqf %Ü jf6 j9fO{ /f]u ls/fsf] k|s[lt / ltgnfO{ rflxg] jftfj/0fsf] cg's'ntf cg';f/ !!Ü ;Dd k'¥ofO{ b}lgs 3fd nfu]sf] a]nfdf :k|] ug{' k5{ .
s'g /f]u / ls/f df lhjft'sf] k|of]u ug]{ <
-s_ t/sf/L afnLsf] Aof8df nfUg] km]b s'lxg] / j]gf{ 9n]/ dg]{ (Damping off of seedling)
-v_ t/sf/Lsf] j]gf{sf] 8fF7 sfnf] eO{ dg]{ /f]u
-u_ t/sf/L afnLdf nfUg] cf]O{n] /f]ux?
-3_ ;]K6f]l/ofaf6 kftdf yf]Knf x'g] /f]u (Septorial leaf spot)
-ª_ cu]lt 89'jf (Early blight)
-r_ k5]lt 89'jf (Late blight)
-5_ 8fpGfL ldN8\o[\ (Downy mildew)
-h_ kfp8/L ldN8\o[\ (Powdery mildew)
-em_ l;dL, af]8L / ux'Fdf nfUg] l;Gb'/] /f]u
-`_ nf}sf l;dLdf 3fp h:tf] bfu x'g] PGf\Yo«fsgf]h (Anthracnose)
-6_ sfpnL aGbfdf nfUg] ufF7] /f]u
-7_ ljeLGg afnLdf nfUg] lgdf6f]8
-8_ cb'jfsf] ufgf] s'lxg] /f]u
-9_ t/sf/L afnLdf nfUg] ljleGg vfnsf r';]/ vfg] ls/fx? Hf:t} nfxL, ;]tf] lemËf, ly|K; cflb
-0f_ t/sf/L afnLdf nfUg] ljleGg vfnsf 6f]s]/ vfg] ls/fx? Hf:t} em'l;nls/f, uf]ne]8f Kjfn kfg]{ ls/f, km]b s6'jf cflb
-t_ df6f]df a:g] xflgsf/s ls/fx? h:t} /ftf] sldnf, v'd|] cflb
lhjft'sf] j}1flgs cfwf/ s] xf] <
df6f] cg';Gwfg dxfzfvf, jfujfgL cg';Gwfg dxfzfvf, g]lKnh kmfld{Ë O{li6Ro[\6n] b]zsf ljleGg 7fpFx?df u/]sf] cg';Gwfg cg';f/ lhjft'sf] k|of]un] lj?jfsf] j[l¢ /fd|f] eO{ pk/f]Qm cg';f/sf] laeLGg afnLsf] /f]u ls/fsf] lgoGq0f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 .
lhjft'sf] k|of]u ul/ Joj;flos t/sf/L v]ltnfO{ pTkfbg vr{ 36fO{ cem al9 k|lt:klw{ agfpg g]lKnh kmfld{Ë O{lGi6Ro[\6n] lhjft'df cfwfl/t emf]ndn agfpg] k|ljwL ljsf; u/]sf] 5 h;sf] k|of]un] t/sf/L jfnLsf] ;jf{lË0f ljsf; eO{ pTkfbg j[l¢ ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 .
lhjft' k|of]u ug'{ eGbf lhjft'af6 ag]sf] emf]ndn k|of]u ug'{ Hofb} ;:tf] kg]{ x'gfn] emf]ndn agfpg'xf];\ .
lhjft'df cfwfl/t emf]ndn s;/L agfpg] <
· !=@% ld6/ nfdf] %)) u]hsf] afSnf] Ps 6'qmf ;fbf Knfli6ssf] 6'qmf lng'xf];
· Knfli6ssf] Psf kl§sf] d'v xfjf gl5g]{ ul/ afWfFg'xf];
· Vff8n leq Knfli6s /fv]/ To:df @% s]=hL= /fd|f] kfs]sf] uf]a/ -5]:sf cflb kmf]x/ gePsf]_ xfNg'xf]; .
· Ps ln6/ lhjft' uf]a/df ldnfpg' xf]; / To;df %) ln6/ kfgL xfnL 3f]Ng'xf]; .
· Knfli6ssf] d'v s;]/ afFWg'xf]; .
· To;kl5 tfkqmd cg';f/ Ps–tLg lbg kl5 Knfli6s km'n]/ cfpF5 / 5fDbf tftf] dx;'; x'G5 .
· x/]s @–# lbgdf Knfli6ssf] d'v vf]n]/ emf]ndnnfO{ /fd|/L 3f]Ng' k5{ / kfGfLsf] sdL ePdf sd ePhlt kfgL yKg' k5{ .
· ljBdfg tfkqmd cg';f/ !% b]lv #) lbg kl5 emf]ndn tof/ x'G5 . emf]ndn tof/ ePkl5 emf]ndndf uf]a/sf] uGw cfpFb}g / Knfli6ssf] dflyNnf] efudf xl/of] /+usf] n]pm h:tf] b]lvG5 .
lhjft'df cfwfl/t emf]ndn k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf
· Knfli6ssf] d'v vf]n]/ /fd|/L 3f]Ng'xf]; / Ps efu emf]ndndf ltg–rf/ efu kfgL ldnfpg'xf]; .
· ;d:of df6f] leq 5 eg] emf]ndn / kfgLsf] ld>0f xKtfsf] b'O{ k6s hun] lj?jfsf] km]bjf6 Ps laTtfsf] km/sdf l/ª agfO{ h/f leHg] ul/ xfNg'xf]; . h:t} sfpnL aGbfdf nfUg] ufF7] /f]usf] nflu .
· ;d:of df6f] aflx/ 5 eg] emf]ndn kfGfLsf] ld>0f 5fGg' k5{ / /f;folgs ljiffbL k|of]u gul/Psf] :k|]n] /fd|/L 5g{' k5{ .
· /f]u ls/f gnfUb} Ps efu emf]ndndf ltg–rf/ efu kfgLsf] dfqfdf xKtfsf] b'O{ k6s lj?jfsf] h/f b]lv 6'Kkf ;Dd leHg] ul/ xfn]df lj?jfnfO{ w]/} h;f] /f]u ls/f jf6 arfpg ;lsG5 .
· t/ s]lx ul/ s'g} /f]u ls/f nfuL xfNof] eg] Ps efu emf]ndndf b'O{ efu cyjf cj:yf cg';f/ Ps efu kfgL ldnfP/ b}lgs 3fd nfUf]sf] j]nf k|of]u ug{' k5{ .
· /f]u ls/f b]lvgf ;fy emf]ndn jf lhjft'sf] b}lgs k|of]u ul/ /f]u ls/f lgoGq0f ul/ xfNg' k5{ .
Ps /f]kgL -! !÷@ s¶f_ hUufdf lhjft'n] pkrfl/t !,%)) s]hL sDkf]i6 dn k|of]u ul/ dfly pNn]v ul/P adf]lhd ( j6f Knfli6s y}nfdf emf]ndn agfO{ k|of]u u/]df xfnsf] pTkfbsTj g3l6 pTkfbg vr{ ga9fO{sg ljiffbLsf] cjif]; gePsf] Joj;flos v]lt ug{ ;lsG5 .
sfpnL aGbfdf nfUg] ufF7] /f]usf] lgbfg ug]{ k|ljwL
-!_ lhjft'n] pkrf/ ul/Psf] sDkf]i6 dn xfn]/ Aof8 /fVg' xf]; .
-@_ j]gf{ pld|Pkl5 Ps efu emf]ndndf rf/ efu kfgL ldnfpg' xf]; / ;f]lx ld>0f Aof8sf] l;+rfO{sf] nflu k|of]u ug{'' xf]; .
-#_ Jf]gf{ /f]Kg] 7fpFdf lhjft'jf6 pkrf/ ul/Psf] sDkf]i6 dn k|of]u ug{' xf]; .
-$_ Jf]gf{ nfO{ kfgL lbFbf Ps efu emf]ndndf rf/ efu kfgL ldnfPsf] ld>0fg} k|of]u ug{' xf]; .
-%_ Kfl5 xKtfsf] b'O{ k6s lj?jfsf] h/f bl]v 6'Kkf ;Dd leHg] ul/ dfly eg] adf]lhd emf]ndnsf] ld>0f lj?jf k'0f{ ?kn] j[l¢ x'g] cj:yf ;Dd xfNg' xf]; .
-^_ dfyL pNn]v u/] adf]lhdsf] k|ljwLn] klxnf] l;hg b]lvg} sfpnL jGbfsf] afln lng ;lsG5 / # jif{ ;Dd ckgfO{ /f;folgs ljiffbL gxfn]df ufF7] /f]usf] k[\0f{ lgbfg x'G5.
;fjwfgL
lhjft' k|of]u u/] kl5 /f;folgs dn / sL6gfzs laNs'n} k|of]u ug{' x'''Fb}g . lhjft' k|of]u ubf{ /f;folgs ljiffbLsf] ;+;u{ ePdf lhjft'df ePsf nfebfos lhjf0f' db{5g\ / lhjft'n] sfd ub}{g . ljifflbsf] c;/n] dflg;nfO{ t slt g/fd|f] c;/ u5{ eg] tL ;'Id hLjf0f'x? t s;/L afFRg ;Snfg / <
cfoft ul/Psf nfebfos lhjf0f'x?df / lhjft'df s] km/s 5 <
lxhf] cfh w]/} yl/sf cfoftLt nfebfos lhjf0f'x? ahf/df kfO{G5g\ . l7s ;fdfg xf] eg] l7s ;+u k|of]u ubf{ Joj;flos t/sf/L v]ltdf nfUg] ljleGg /f]u ls/fsf] /f]syfd ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ klg sltko 7fpmFx?df o:tf cfofltt nfebfos lhjf0f'x?jf6 s[ifsju{df gsf/fTds k|efj k/]sf] 5 .
cfoft ul/Psf nfebfos lhjf0f'x?sf] d'Vo sdhf]/Lx?
· aflx/sf nfebfos lhjf0f''x?n] ljBdfg /f]uls/fsf k|hftLx?nfO{ /f]syfd ug{ g;Sg] ;+efjgf x'g',
· cfoft ul/Psf lhjf0f''x? vf]n]sf] $ 3+6f leq k|of]u ul/ ;Sg' kg]{ jfWoftf x'g',
· cfoft ul/Psf nfebfos lhjf0f'x? ? ()) b]lv ? @,&)) k|lt s]hL jf ln6/ kg]{ x'gfn] dxFuf] x'g',
· s'g} Ps jfnLdf ljleGGf yl/sf /f]u ls/fx?n] gf]S;fg ug]{ x'gfn] w]/} yl/sf cfoft ul/Psf nfebfos lhjf0f' vl/b ug{' kg]{ x'Fbf cem vlr{nf] x'g',
· aflx/sf nfebfos lhjf0f'x? cfoft ubf{ l7s tfkqmd ldnfP/ 9'jfgL ug{' kg]{ cGoyf sfd gug]{ x'g', /
- cfoft ul/Psf nfebfos lhjf0f'x?sf] Do[\6];g (Mutation) x'g] ;Defjgf :yfgLo nfebfos lhjf0f'x? eGbf al9 x'g' .
